In about one in four cases, however, the situation becomes more serious and leads to the development of hydrops fetalis. Most cases of red blood cell incompatibility create only mild to moderate health problems for the baby.
Severe anemia in the baby can lead to heart failure and an abnormal buildup of fluid. This leads to the destruction of many of the baby’s red blood cells, an outcome that causes anemia. The mother’s immune system treats the baby’s Rh-positive red blood cells as “foreign invaders,” and sends out antibodies to fight them. This type of hydrops fetalis occurs when there is an incompatibility between the red blood cells of the mother and baby. The most common example is when a pregnant woman has Rh-negative blood and her unborn baby has Rh-positive blood (known as Rh incompatibility). It occurs when an underlying disease, genetic disorder or birth defect interferes with the ability of the baby’s body to manage fluid. This type of hydrops fetalis accounts for approximately 80 percent to 90 percent of all cases of the condition. If untreated, the excess fluid can stress the baby’s heart and other vital organs, putting the baby’s life at risk. Hydrops fetalis is not a disease, but a symptom of an underlying health problem with the baby. Other symptoms of the condition include higher-than-normal amounts of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) and a thickening of the placenta. Although the fluid buildup may appear anywhere in the baby’s body, it most often occurs in the abdomen, around the heart or lungs, or under the skin. doi:10.3109/ fetalis (HIGH-drops fee-TAH-lis) is a life-threatening condition in which abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in two or more body areas of an unborn baby. Amniotic Fluid Sludge as a Marker of Intra-Amniotic Infection and Histological Chorioamnionitis in Cervical Insufficiency: A Report of Four Cases and Literature Review. Paules C, Moreno E, Gonzales A, Fabre E, González de Agüero R, Oros D. Effect of Antibiotic Treatment of Amniotic Fluid Sludge. Presence of Amniotic Fluid Sludge and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Pergialiotis V, Bellos I, Antsaklis A, Loutradis D, Daskalakis G. Antibiotic Treatment of Amniotic Fluid "Sludge" in Patients During the Second or Third Trimester with Uterine Contraction. Jin W, Ha Kim Y, Kim J, Kim T, Kim A, Yang Y.
Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis Between Amniotic Fluid Sludge and Blood Clot from Placental Edge Separation.
Kantorowska A, Kunzier N, Kidd J, Vintzileos A. What is Amniotic Fluid 'Sludge'? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. It is proposed that amniotic fluid sludge is an indicator of intra-amniotic microbial invasion correlating with histological chorioamnionitis and funisitis 6.
It is also usually associated with a shortened cervical length when the patient presents with both aspects, the pre-term labor risk increases 5. Amniotic fluid sludge is associated with spontaneous pre-term labor and, therefore, lower gestational age at birth, lower neonatal birthweight, and increased neonatal intensive care unit admission rate and neonatal death 4. Clinical significanceĪmniotic fluid sludge has been identified as a potential marker of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. On aspiration, amniotic fluid sludge is usually cloudy and thick with an elevated white cell count and may be due to a microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity 1. Amniotic fluid sludge represents a collection of bacterial and inflammatory cells embedded in an amorphous material consistent with microbial biofilm 3.
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